Notes-Part-1-Class-12-Chemistry-Chapter-5-Electrochemistry-Maharashtra Board

Electrochemistry

Class-12-Chemistry-Chapter-5-Maharashtra Board

Notes-Part-1

Topics to be Learn : Part-1

  • Introduction
  • Electric conduction
  • Electrical conductance of solution

Topics to be Learn : Part-2

  • Electrochemical cells
  • Electrolytic cell
  • Galvanic or voltaic cell
  • Electrode potential and cell potential
  • Thermodynamics of galvanic cells

Topics to be Learn : Part-3

  • Reference electrodes
  • Galvanic cells useful in day-to-day life
  • Fuel cells
  • Electrochemical series (Electromotive series)

Introduction :

Electrolysis : Electrolysis is breaking down of an ionic compound by the passage of electricity.

Electrochemistry : It is a branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between chemical changes and electrical energy, as well as the electrical properties of electrolytic solutions such as resistance and conductance.

  • Electrolysis may be the only way to produce fluorine.
  • Electrochemical processes include electro-refining (for metal purification) and electroplating (for coating one metal on the surface of another).

Electric conduction :

Electric conduction : The transfer of electric charge or electrons from one point to another is called electric conduction which results in an electric current.

Electric conductors :

The substances that allow the flow of electricity or electric charge transfer through them are called the ' electric conductors.

Flow of electricity or a transfer of electric charge :

The transfer of electrons from one point to another is involved in the flow of electricity or the transfer of electric charge through a conductor. This occurs as a result of the applied electric potential.

Types of electric conductors :

Information provided by measurement of conductivities of solutions :

The lamp will glow when circuit is complete in above setup.

Conductivity cell : A cell or a device used to measure the conductance of a solution is called a conductivity cell.

Cell constant : Cell constant of a conductivity cell is defined as the ratio of the distance between the electrodes divided by the area of cross section of the electrodes.

If a is the cross section area of two platinum plates at l distance apart in the conductivity cell, then for any given conductivity cell, the ratio, l/a is constant which is called cell constant.

∴  Cell constant = b = l/a cm-1

In SI units it is expressed as m-1

Following information is provided by measurement of conductivities of solutions :

  • The conducting and nonconducting properties of solutions can be identified by the measurement of their conductivities.
  • The substances like sucrose and urea which do not dissociate in aqueous solutions have same conductivity as that of water. Hence they are nonelectrolytes.
  • The substances like KCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, etc. dissociate in their aqueous solutions and their conductivities are higher than water. Hence they are electrolytes.
  • On the basis of high or low electrical conductivity, the electrolytes can be classified as strong and weak electrolytes. The solutions of strong electrolytes have high conductivities while solutions of weak electrolytes have lower conductivities.

Remember : Electrolyte is a compound that conducts electricity when molten or in aqueous solution and breaks down into ions during electrolysis.

Electrical conductance of solution :

Ohm’s Law : According to Ohm’s law, the electrical resistance R of a conductor is equal to the electric potential difference V divided by the electric current.

R = V/I ohm

The unit of electrical resistance is ohm denoted by the symbol Ω (omega).

The SI unit of potential is volt denoted by V.

The SI unit of electric current is ampere denoted by A.

Thus, Ω = VA1.

Electrical conductance : The reciprocal of the electrical resistance of a solution is called the conductance. It is represented by G.

Conductance (G) = 1/Resistance = 1/R

The conductance has units of reciprocal of ohm (Ω-1, ohm-1 or mho).

In SI units, conductance has units as Siemens, (S).

1 S = 1 Ω1 = l ohm1 = 1 mho =AV1 = CV−1S, where C represents electric charge in coulomb, and A represents current strength

Dependence of electrical resistance : The electrical resistance of an electronic conductor is linearly proportional to its length (l) and inversely proportional to its cross section area a.

R ∝ l, R ∝ 1/a

∴ R = ρ x l/a

where the proportionality constant ρ is called specific resistance. IUPAC recommends the term resistivity for specific resistance.

Resistivity of the conductor is the resistance of conductor of unit length and unit cross sectional area.

∴ ρ = R x a/l  (..Ω x m2/m = Ωm) It has SI units, ohm m and C.G.S. units, ohm cm

Conductivity (k) :

Know This :

Use of alternating current in the measurement of conductivity of the solution : If direct Current (D.C.) by battery is used, there will be electrolysis and the concentration of the solution is changed. Hence alternating current (A.C.) with high frequency is used.

Molar conductivity () :

Molar conductivity : It is defined as a conductance of a volume of the solution containing ions from one mole of an electrolyte when placed between two parallel plate electrodes 1 cm apart and of large area, sufficient to accommodate the whole solution between them, at constant temperature. It is denoted by Λm.

Thus, the significance of molar conductivity is the conductance due to ions from one mole of an electrolyte.

The molar conductivity of an electrolytic solution is the electrolytic conductivity, k, divided by its molar concentration c.

∧ = k/c

SI units of k are S m1 and that of c are mol m3. Hence SI units of ∧ are

S m2 mol1. Common units employed for molar conductivity are Ω1 cm2 mol1.

Remember : Conductivity is electrical conductance due to all the ions in 1 cm3 of given solution. Molar conductivity is the electrical conductance due to the ions obtained from 1 mole of an electrolyte in a given volume of solution.

Relation between conductivity (k) and molar conductivity (Λm) :

Effect of dilution of solution on conductivity :

(i) Variation of conductivity:

  • A solution's conductance is caused by the presence of ions in the solution. The higher the ion concentration, the higher the solution's conductance.
  • Conductivity, also known as specific conductance, is the conductance of an electrolytic solution per unit volume (1 cm3).
  • The conductivity of an electrolytic solution always decreases as the concentration of the electrolyte or the dilution of the solution decreases.
  • On dilution, the concentration of the solution decreases, ‘hence the number of (current carrying) ions per unit volume decreases. Therefore the conductivity of the solution decreases, with the decrease concentration or increase in dilution.

(ii) Variation of molar conductivity :

  • It is to be noted here that, molar conductivity increases with dilution.
  • The molar conductivity is the electrical conductance of 1 mole of an electrolyte in a given volume of solution. The increasing number of ions produced in solution by 1 mole of the electrolyte lead to increased molar conductivity.

 Variation of molar conductivity with concentration :

Variation of molar conductivity with concentration for strong and weak electrolytes :

Q. Why has the molar conductance of an electrolyte the maximum value at infinite dilution ?

Answer :

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions :

The law states that at infinite dilution each ion migrates independent of co-ion and contributes to total molar conductivity of an electrolyte irrespective of the nature of other ion to which it is associated.

Explanation : Both the ions, cation and anion of the electrolyte make a definite contribution to the molar conductivity of the electrolyte at infinite dilution or zero concentration (Λ0).

If λ0+ and λ0 are the molar ionic conductivities of cation and anion respectively at infinite dilution, then

Λ0 = λ0+ + λ0

This is known as Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.

For an electrolyte, Bx Ay giving x number of cations and y number of anions,

Λ0 = xλ0+ + yλ0

Applications of Kohlrausch’s law :

With this law, the molar conductivity of a strong electrolyte at zero concentration can be determined. For example,

Λ0(KCl) = λ0K+ + λ0Cl

Λ0 values of weak electrolyte with those of strong electrolytes can be obtained. For example,

Λ0(CH3COOH) = Λ0(HCl) + Λ0(CH3COONa) − Λ0(NaCl) = (λ0H+ + λ0Cl)+( λ0CH3COOH + λ0Na+)−( λ0Na+ + λ0Cl)

Mathematical expression of molar conductivity of the given solution at infinite dilution :

Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions is represented as

Λ0 = λ0+ + λ0

where Λ0 is the molar conductivity of the electrolyte at infinite dilution or zero concentration while λ0+ and λ0are the molar ionic conductivities of cation and anion respectively at infinite dilution.

Molar conductivity and degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes :

At zero concentration or at infinite dilution, the molar conductivity has a maximum value denoted by Λ0.

This is due to complete dissociation of the weak electrolyte making all the ions available from one mole of the electrolyte to carry electricity at zero concentration.

If at is the degree of dissociation, then

α = \frac{\text{Molar conductivity at given concentration}}{\text{Molar conductivity at zero concentration}}=\frac{Λ_m}{Λ_0}

At zero concentration, Λm = Λ0, hence

α = \frac{Λ_m}{Λ_0}=\frac{Λ_0}{Λ_0}=1

This suggests that at zero concentration or infinite dilution, the electrolyte is completely (100%) dissociated.

 Q. Obtain the expression for dissociation constant in terms of Λc and Λ0 using Ostwald’s dilution law.

Answer :

Relation between molar conductivity and molar ionic conductivities of electrolytes - examples:

If Λ0 is molar conductivity of an electrolyte at infinite dilution and λ0+ and λ0are molar ionic conductivities then,

(i) KBr : Λ0KBr = λ0K+ + λ0BR-

(ii) Na2SO4 : Λ0KBr = 2λ0Na+ + λ0SO42+

(c) AlCl3 : Λ0KBr = λ0Al3+ + 3λ0Cl-

Measurement of conductivity : The conductivity of a solution can be determined from the resistance measurements by Wheatstone bridge.

Conductivity Cell : The conductivity cell consists of a glass tube with two platinum plates coated with a thin layer of finely divided platinium black. This is achieved by the electrolysis of solution of chloroplatinic acid. The cell is dipped in a solution whose resistance is to be measured as shown in Fig

The determination of conductivity consists of three steps :

Three steps for determination of conductivity :

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